Full API documentation¶
Below is listed the documentation for all the supported functions, classes and methods in PyZX. Some functionality of PyZX is still experimental or not well-tested (like the ZH-diagram interface and rewrite rules), so it is not listed here.
Graph API¶
ZX-graphs are internally represented by instances of classes that implement the methods of BaseGraph
. These methods are listed below. The only complete implementation currently is GraphS
.
- class GraphS¶
Purely Pythonic implementation of
BaseGraph
.
To create a graph of a specific backend a convenience method Graph
is supplied:
- Graph(backend=None)¶
Returns an instance of an implementation of
BaseGraph
. By defaultGraphS
is used. Currentlybackend
is allowed to be simple (for the default), or ‘graph_tool’ and ‘igraph’. This method is the preferred way to instantiate a ZX-diagram in PyZX.- Return type
Example
To construct an empty ZX-diagram, just write:
g = zx.Graph()
Below you can find full documentation of all the functions supplied by a Graph in PyZX.
- class BaseGraph¶
Base class for letting graph backends interact with PyZX. For a backend to work with PyZX, there should be a class that implements all the methods of this class. For implementations of this class see
GraphS
orGraphIG
.- add_edge(edge, edgetype=1)¶
Adds a single edge of the given type
- Return type
None
- add_edge_smart(e, edgetype)¶
Like add_edge, but does the right thing if there is an existing edge.
- add_edge_table(etab)¶
Takes a dictionary mapping (source,target) –> (#edges, #h-edges) specifying that #edges regular edges must be added between source and target and $h-edges Hadamard edges. The method selectively adds or removes edges to produce that ZX diagram which would result from adding (#edges, #h-edges), and then removing all parallel edges using Hopf/spider laws.
- Return type
None
- add_edges(edges, edgetype=1)¶
Adds a list of edges to the graph.
- Return type
None
- add_to_phase(vertex, phase)¶
Add the given phase to the phase value of the given vertex.
- Return type
None
- add_vertex(ty=0, qubit=-1, row=-1, phase=None, ground=False)¶
Add a single vertex to the graph and return its index. The optional parameters allow you to respectively set the type, qubit index, row index and phase of the vertex.
- Return type
TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)
- add_vertices(amount)¶
Add the given amount of vertices, and return the indices of the new vertices added to the graph, namely: range(g.vindex() - amount, g.vindex())
- Return type
List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]
- apply_effect(effect)¶
Inserts an effect into the outputs of the graph.
effect
should be a string with every character representing an output effect for each qubit. The possible types of effects are one of ‘0’, ‘1’, ‘+’, ‘-’ for the respective kets. If ‘/’ is specified this output is skipped.- Return type
None
- apply_state(state)¶
Inserts a state into the inputs of the graph.
state
should be a string with every character representing an input state for each qubit. The possible types of states are on of ‘0’, ‘1’, ‘+’, ‘-’ for the respective kets. If ‘/’ is specified this input is skipped.- Return type
None
- auto_detect_io()¶
Adds every vertex that is of boundary-type to the list of inputs or outputs. Whether it is an input or output is determined by looking whether its neighbor is further to the right or further to the left of the input. Inputs and outputs are sorted by vertical position. Raises an exception if boundary vertex does not have a unique neighbor or if this neighbor is on the same horizontal position.
- clone()¶
This method should return an identical copy of the graph, without any relabeling
Used in lookahead extraction.
- Return type
- compose(other)¶
Inserts a graph after this one. The amount of qubits of the graphs must match. Also available by the operator graph1 + graph2
- Return type
None
- connected(v1, v2)¶
Returns whether vertices v1 and v2 share an edge.
- Return type
bool
- copy(adjoint=False, backend=None)¶
Create a copy of the graph. If
adjoint
is set, the adjoint of the graph will be returned (inputs and outputs flipped, phases reversed). Whenbackend
is set, a copy of the graph with the given backend is produced. By default the copy will have the same backend.- Parameters
adjoint (
bool
) – set to True to make the copy be the adjoint of the graphbackend (
Optional
[str
]) – the backend of the output graph
- Return type
- Returns
A copy of the graph
Note
The copy will have consecutive vertex indices, even if the original graph did not.
- depth()¶
Returns the value of the highest row number given to a vertex. This is -1 when no rows have been set.
- Return type
Union
[float
,int
]
- edge(s, t)¶
Returns the edge object with the given source/target.
- Return type
TypeVar
(ET
)
- edge_s(edge)¶
Returns the source of the given edge.
- Return type
TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)
- edge_set()¶
Returns the edges of the graph as a Python set. Should be overloaded if the backend supplies a cheaper version than this.
- Return type
Set
[TypeVar
(ET
)]
- edge_st(edge)¶
Returns a tuple of source/target of the given edge.
- Return type
Tuple
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]
- edge_t(edge)¶
Returns the target of the given edge.
- Return type
TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)
- edge_type(e)¶
Returns the type of the given edge:
EdgeType.SIMPLE
if it is regular,EdgeType.HADAMARD
if it is a Hadamard edge, 0 if the edge is not in the graph.- Return type
Literal
[1
,2
]
- edges()¶
Iterator that returns all the edges. Output type depends on implementation in backend.
- Return type
Sequence
[TypeVar
(ET
)]
- classmethod from_json(js)¶
Converts the given .qgraph json string into a Graph. Works with the output of
to_json
.- Return type
- classmethod from_tikz(tikz, warn_overlap=True, fuse_overlap=True, ignore_nonzx=False)¶
Converts a tikz diagram into a pyzx Graph. The tikz diagram is assumed to be one generated by Tikzit, and hence should have a nodelayer and a edgelayer..
- Parameters
s – a string containing a well-defined Tikz diagram.
warn_overlap (
bool
) – If True raises a Warning if two vertices have the exact same position.fuse_overlap (
bool
) – If True fuses two vertices that have the exact same position. Only has effect if fuse_overlap is False.ignore_nonzx (
bool
) – If True suppresses most errors about unknown vertex/edge types and labels.
- Return type
Warning
Vertices that might look connected in the output of the tikz are not necessarily connected at the level of tikz itself, and won’t be treated as such in pyzx.
- grounds()¶
Returns the set of vertices connected to a ground.
- Return type
Set
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]
- incident_edges(vertex)¶
Returns all neighboring edges of the given vertex.
- Return type
Sequence
[TypeVar
(ET
)]
- inputs()¶
Gets the inputs of the graph.
- Return type
Tuple
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),...
]
- is_ground(vertex)¶
Returns a boolean indicating if the vertex is connected to a ground.
- Return type
bool
- is_hybrid()¶
Returns whether this is a hybrid quantum-classical graph, i.e. a graph with ground generators.
- Return type
bool
- is_id()¶
Returns whether the graph is just a set of identity wires, i.e. a graph where all the vertices are either inputs or outputs, and they are connected to each other in a non-permuted manner.
- Return type
bool
- merge(other)¶
Merges this graph with the other graph in-place. Returns (list-of-vertices, list-of-edges) corresponding to the id’s of the vertices and edges of the other graph.
- Return type
Tuple
[List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(ET
)]]
- neighbors(vertex)¶
Returns all neighboring vertices of the given vertex.
- Return type
Sequence
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]
- normalize()¶
Puts every node connecting to an input/output at the correct qubit index and row.
- Return type
None
- num_edges()¶
Returns the amount of edges in the graph
- Return type
int
- num_inputs()¶
Gets the number of inputs of the graph.
- Return type
int
- num_outputs()¶
Gets the number of outputs of the graph.
- Return type
int
- num_vertices()¶
Returns the amount of vertices in the graph.
- Return type
int
- outputs()¶
Gets the outputs of the graph.
- Return type
Tuple
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),...
]
- pack_circuit_rows()¶
Compresses the rows of the graph so that every index is used.
- Return type
None
- phase(vertex)¶
Returns the phase value of the given vertex.
- Return type
Union
[Fraction
,int
]
- phases()¶
Returns a mapping of vertices to their phase values.
- Return type
Mapping
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),Union
[Fraction
,int
]]
- qubit(vertex)¶
Returns the qubit index associated to the vertex. If no index has been set, returns -1.
- Return type
Union
[float
,int
]
- qubit_count()¶
Returns the number of inputs of the graph
- Return type
int
- qubits()¶
Returns a mapping of vertices to their qubit index.
- Return type
Mapping
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),Union
[float
,int
]]
- remove_edge(edge)¶
Removes the given edge from the graph.
- Return type
None
- remove_edges(edges)¶
Removes the list of edges from the graph.
- Return type
None
- remove_isolated_vertices()¶
Deletes all vertices and vertex pairs that are not connected to any other vertex.
- Return type
None
- remove_vertex(vertex)¶
Removes the given vertex from the graph.
- Return type
None
- remove_vertices(vertices)¶
Removes the list of vertices from the graph.
- Return type
None
- replace_subgraph(left_row, right_row, replace)¶
Deletes the subgraph of all nodes with rank strictly between
left_row
andright_row
and replaces it with the graphreplace
. The amount of nodes on the left row should match the amount of inputs of the replacement graph and the same for the right row and the outputs. The graphs are glued together based on the qubit index of the vertices.- Return type
None
- row(vertex)¶
Returns the row that the vertex is positioned at. If no row has been set, returns -1.
- Return type
Union
[float
,int
]
- rows()¶
Returns a mapping of vertices to their row index.
- Return type
Mapping
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),Union
[float
,int
]]
- set_edge_type(e, t)¶
Sets the type of the given edge.
- Return type
None
- set_ground(vertex, flag=True)¶
Connect or disconnect the vertex to a ground.
- Return type
None
- set_inputs(inputs)¶
Sets the inputs of the graph.
- set_outputs(outputs)¶
Sets the outputs of the graph.
- set_phase(vertex, phase)¶
Sets the phase of the vertex to the given value.
- Return type
None
- set_phase_master(m)¶
Points towards an instance of the class
Simplifier
. Used for phase teleportation.- Return type
None
- set_position(vertex, q, r)¶
Set both the qubit index and row index of the vertex.
- set_qubit(vertex, q)¶
Sets the qubit index associated to the vertex.
- Return type
None
- set_row(vertex, r)¶
Sets the row the vertex should be positioned at.
- Return type
None
- set_type(vertex, t)¶
Sets the type of the given vertex to t.
- Return type
None
- set_vdata(vertex, key, val)¶
Sets the vertex data associated to key to val.
- Return type
None
- stats()¶
- Return type
str
- Returns
Returns a string with some information regarding the degree distribution of the graph.
- subgraph_from_vertices(verts)¶
Returns the subgraph consisting of the specified vertices.
- Return type
- tensor(other)¶
Take the tensor product of two graphs. Places the second graph below the first one. Can also be called using the operator
graph1 @ graph2
- Return type
- to_graphml()¶
Returns a GraphML representation of the graph.
- Return type
str
- to_json(include_scalar=True)¶
Returns a json representation of the graph that follows the Quantomatic .qgraph format. Convert back into a graph using
from_json
.- Return type
str
- to_matrix(preserve_scalar=True)¶
Returns a representation of the graph as a matrix using
tensorfy
- Return type
ndarray
- to_tensor(preserve_scalar=True)¶
Returns a representation of the graph as a tensor using
tensorfy
- Return type
ndarray
- to_tikz(draw_scalar=False)¶
Returns a Tikz representation of the graph.
- Return type
str
- type(vertex)¶
Returns the type of the given vertex: VertexType.BOUNDARY if it is a boundary, VertexType.Z if it is a Z node, VertexType.X if it is a X node, VertexType.H_BOX if it is an H-box.
- Return type
Literal
[0
,1
,2
,3
]
- types()¶
Returns a mapping of vertices to their types.
- Return type
Mapping
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),Literal
[0
,1
,2
,3
]]
- update_phase_index(old, new)¶
When a phase is moved from a vertex to another vertex, we need to tell the phase_teleportation algorithm that this has happened. This function does that. Used in some of the rules in simplify.
- Return type
None
- vdata(vertex, key, default=0)¶
Returns the data value of the given vertex associated to the key. If this key has no value associated with it, it returns the default value.
- Return type
Any
- vdata_keys(vertex)¶
Returns an iterable of the vertex data key names. Used e.g. in making a copy of the graph in a backend-independent way.
- Return type
Sequence
[str
]
- vertex_degree(vertex)¶
Returns the degree of the given vertex.
- Return type
int
- vertex_set()¶
Returns the vertices of the graph as a Python set. Should be overloaded if the backend supplies a cheaper version than this.
- Return type
Set
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]
- vertices()¶
Iterator over all the vertices.
- Return type
Sequence
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]
- vindex()¶
The index given to the next vertex added to the graph. It should always be equal to
max(g.vertices()) + 1
.- Return type
TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)
Circuit API¶
- class Circuit(qubit_amount, name='', bit_amount=None)¶
Class for representing quantum circuits.
This class is mostly just a wrapper for a list of gates with methods for converting between different representations of a quantum circuit.
The methods in this class that convert a specification of a circuit into an instance of this class, generally do not check whether the specification is well-defined. If a bad input is given, the behaviour is undefined.
- add_circuit(circ, mask=None, bit_mask=None)¶
Adds the gate of another circuit to this one. If
mask
is not given, then they must have the same amount of qubits and they are mapped one-to-one. If mask is given then it must be a list specifying to which qubits the qubits in the given circuit correspond. Similarly, ifbit_mask
is not given, then they must have the same amount of bits.Example:
c1 = Circuit(qubit_amount=4) c2 = Circuit(qubit_amount=2) c2.add_gate("CNOT",0,1) c1.add_circuit(c2, mask=[0,3]) # Now c1 has a CNOT from the first to the last qubit
If the circuits have the same amount of qubits then it can also be called as an operator:
c1 = Circuit(2) c2 = Circuit(2) c1 += c2
- Return type
None
- add_gate(gate, *args, **kwargs)¶
Adds a gate to the circuit.
gate
can either be an instance of aGate
, or it can be the name of a gate, in which case additional arguments should be given.Example:
circuit.add_gate("CNOT", 1, 4) # adds a CNOT gate with control 1 and target 4 circuit.add_gate("ZPhase", 2, phase=Fraction(3,4)) # Adds a ZPhase gate on qubit 2 with phase 3/4
- Return type
None
- add_gates(gates, qubit)¶
Adds a series of single qubit gates on the same qubit.
gates
should be a space-separated string of gatenames.Example:
circuit.add_gates("S T H T H", 1)
- Return type
None
- static from_graph(g, split_phases=True)¶
Produces a
Circuit
containing the gates of the given ZX-graph. If the ZX-graph is not circuit-like then the behaviour of this function is undefined.split_phases
governs whether nodes with phases should be split into Z,S, and T gates or if generic ZPhase/XPhase gates should be used.- Return type
- static from_qasm(s)¶
Produces a
Circuit
based on a QASM input string. It ignores all the non-unitary instructions like measurements in the file. It currently doesn’t support custom gates that have parameters.- Return type
- static from_qasm_file(fname)¶
Produces a
Circuit
based on a QASM description of a circuit. It ignores all the non-unitary instructions like measurements in the file. It currently doesn’t support custom gates that have parameters.- Return type
- static from_qc_file(fname)¶
Produces a
Circuit
based on a .qc description of a circuit. If a Toffoli gate with more than 2 controls is encountered, ancilla qubits are added. Currently up to 5 controls are supported.- Return type
- static from_qsim_file(fname)¶
Produces a
Circuit
based on a .qc description of a circuit. If a Toffoli gate with more than 2 controls is encountered, ancilla qubits are added. Currently up to 5 controls are supported.- Return type
- static from_quipper(s)¶
Produces a
Circuit
based on a Quipper ASCII description of a circuit. Currently measurement instructions are not supported and are discarded.- Return type
- static from_quipper_file(fname)¶
Produces a
Circuit
based on a Quipper ASCII description of a circuit. Currently measurement instructions are not supported and are discarded.- Return type
- static load(circuitfile)¶
Tries to detect the circuit description language from the filename and its contents, and then tries to load the file into a circuit.
- Return type
- prepend_gate(gate, *args, **kwargs)¶
The same as add_gate, but adds the gate to the start of the circuit, not the end.
- stats(depth=False)¶
Returns statistics on the amount of gates in the circuit, separated into different classes (such as amount of T-gates, two-qubit gates, Hadamard gates).
- Return type
str
- stats_dict(depth=False)¶
Returns a dictionary containing statistics on the amount of gates in the circuit, separated into different classes (such as amount of T-gates, two-qubit gates, Hadamard gates).
- Return type
dict
- tcount()¶
Returns the amount of T-gates necessary to implement this circuit.
- Return type
int
- tensor(other)¶
Takes the tensor product of two Circuits. Places the second one below the first. Can also be done as an operator: circuit1 @ circuit2.
- Return type
- to_basic_gates()¶
Returns a new circuit with every gate expanded in terms of X/Z phases, Hadamards and the 2-qubit gates CNOT, CZ, CX.
- Return type
- to_emoji()¶
Converts circuit into a representation that can be copy-pasted into the ZX-calculus Discord server.
- Return type
str
- to_graph(zh=False, compress_rows=True, backend=None)¶
Turns the circuit into a ZX-Graph. If
compress_rows
is set, it tries to put single qubit gates on different qubits, on the same row.- Return type
- to_matrix(preserve_scalar=True)¶
Returns a numpy matrix describing the circuit.
- Return type
ndarray
- to_qasm()¶
Produces a QASM description of the circuit.
- Return type
str
- to_qc()¶
Produces a .qc description of the circuit.
- Return type
str
- to_quipper()¶
Produces a Quipper ASCII description of the circuit.
- Return type
str
- to_tensor(preserve_scalar=True)¶
Returns a numpy tensor describing the circuit.
- Return type
ndarray
- twoqubitcount()¶
Returns the amount of 2-qubit gates necessary to implement this circuit.
- Return type
int
- verify_equality(other, up_to_swaps=False)¶
Composes the other circuit with the adjoint of this circuit, and tries to reduce it to the identity using
simplify.full_reduce`
. If successful returns True, if not returns None.Note
A successful reduction to the identity is strong evidence that the two circuits are equal, if this function is not able to reduce the graph to the identity this does not prove anything.
- Parameters
other (
Circuit
) – the circuit to compare equality to.up_to_swaps (
bool
) – if set to True, only checks equality up to a permutation of the qubits.
- Return type
bool
Generating Circuits¶
The following are some methods to generate (random) quantum circuits.
- CNOT_HAD_PHASE_circuit(qubits, depth, p_had=0.2, p_t=0.2, clifford=False)¶
Construct a Circuit consisting of CNOT, HAD and phase gates. The default phase gate is the T gate, but if
clifford=True
, then this is replaced by the S gate.- Parameters
qubits (
int
) – number of qubits of the circuitdepth (
int
) – number of gates in the circuitp_had (
float
) – probability that each gate is a Hadamard gatep_t (
float
) – probability that each gate is a T gate (or ifclifford
is set, S gate)clifford (
bool
) – when set to True, the phase gates are S gates instead of T gates.
- Return type
- Returns
A random circuit consisting of Hadamards, CNOT gates and phase gates.
- cliffordT(qubits, depth, p_t=None, p_s=None, p_hsh=None, p_cnot=None, backend=None)¶
Generates a circuit consisting of randomly placed Clifford+T gates. Optionally, take probabilities of adding T, S, HSH, and CNOT. If probabilities for only a subset of gates is given, any remaining probability will be uniformly distributed among the remaining gates.
- Parameters
qubits (
int
) – Amount of qubits in circuit.depth (
int
) – Depth of circuit.p_t (
Optional
[float
]) – Probability that each gate is a T-gate.p_s (
Optional
[float
]) – Probability that each gate is a S-gate.p_hsh (
Optional
[float
]) – Probability that each gate is a HSH-gate.p_cnot (
Optional
[float
]) – Probability that each gate is a CNOT-gate.backend (
Optional
[str
]) – When given, should be one of the possible Backends backends.
- Return type
Instance of graph of the given backend.
- cliffordTmeas(qubits, depth, p_t=None, p_s=None, p_hsh=None, p_cnot=None, p_meas=None, backend=None)¶
Generates a circuit consisting of randomly placed Clifford+T gates. Optionally, take probabilities of adding T, S, HSH, CNOT, and measurements. If probabilities for only a subset of gates is given, any remaining probability will be uniformly distributed among the remaining gates.
- Parameters
qubits (
int
) – Amount of qubits in circuit.depth (
int
) – Depth of circuit.p_t (
Optional
[float
]) – Probability that each gate is a T-gate.p_s (
Optional
[float
]) – Probability that each gate is a S-gate.p_hsh (
Optional
[float
]) – Probability that each gate is a HSH-gate.p_cnot (
Optional
[float
]) – Probability that each gate is a CNOT-gate.p_meas (
Optional
[float
]) – Probability that each gate is a measurement.backend (
Optional
[str
]) – When given, should be one of the possible Backends backends.
- Return type
Instance of graph of the given backend.
- cliffords(qubits, depth, no_hadamard=False, t_gates=False, backend=None)¶
Generates a circuit consisting of randomly placed Clifford gates. Uses a different approach to generating Clifford circuits then
cliffordT
.- Parameters
qubits (
int
) – Amount of qubits in circuit.depth (
int
) – Depth of circuit.no_hadamard (
bool
) – Whether hadamard edges are allowed to be placed.backend (
Optional
[str
]) – When given, should be one of the possible Backends backends.
- Return type
Instance of graph of the given backend.
- cnots(qubits, depth, backend=None)¶
Generates a circuit consisting of randomly placed CNOT gates.
Args: qubits: Amount of qubits in circuit depth: Depth of circuit backend: When given, should be one of the possible Backends backends.
- Return type
- Returns
Instance of graph of the given backend
- identity(qubits, depth=1, backend=None)¶
Generates a
pyzx.graph.Graph
representing an identity circuit.- Parameters
qubits (
int
) – number of qubits (i.e. parallel lines of the Graph)depth (
Union
[float
,int
]) – at which row the output vertices should be placedbackend (
Optional
[str
]) – the backend to use for the output graph
- Return type
- phase_poly(n_qubits, n_phase_layers, cnots_per_layer)¶
Create a random phase polynomial circuit.
- Parameters
n_qubits (
int
) – Number of qubits in the circuit.n_phase_layers (
int
) – Number of layers of phase gates.cnots_per_layer (
int
) – Number of CNOTs in each layer.
- Return type
- Returns
A random phase polynomial circuit.
- phase_poly_approximate(n_qubits, n_CNOTs, n_phases)¶
Create a random phase polynomial circuit with an exact number of CNOT gates.
- Parameters
n_qubits (
int
) – Number of qubits in the circuit.n_CNOTs (
int
) – Number of CNOTs in the circuit.n_phases (
int
) – Target of phase gates in the circuit. The actual number of phase gates may be slightly different.
- Return type
- Returns
A random phase polynomial circuit.
Circuit extraction and matrices over Z2¶
There is basically a single function that is needed for the most general extraction of a circuit from a ZX-diagram:
- extract_circuit(g, optimize_czs=True, optimize_cnots=2, up_to_perm=False, quiet=True)¶
Given a graph put into semi-normal form by
full_reduce
, it extracts its equivalent set of gates into an instance ofCircuit
. This function implements a more optimized version of the algorithm described in There and back again: A circuit extraction tale- Parameters
g (
BaseGraph
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(ET
)]) – The ZX-diagram graph to be extracted into a Circuit.optimize_czs (
bool
) – Whether to try to optimize the CZ-subcircuits by exploiting overlap between the CZ gatesoptimize_cnots (
int
) – (0,1,2,3) Level of CNOT optimization to apply.up_to_perm (
bool
) – If true, returns a circuit that is equivalent to the given graph up to a permutation of the inputs.quiet (
bool
) – Whether to print detailed output of the extraction process.
- Return type
This function uses some reasoning over matrices over the field Z2. This functionality is implemented in the following class.
- class Mat2(data)¶
A matrix over Z2, with methods for multiplication, primitive row and column operations, Gaussian elimination, rank, and epi-mono factorisation.
- col_add(c0, c1)¶
Add r0 to r1
- Return type
None
- col_swap(c0, c1)¶
Swap the columns c0 and c1
- Return type
None
- factor()¶
Produce a factorisation m = m0 * m1, where
m0.cols() = m1.rows() = m.rank()
- gauss(full_reduce=False, x=None, y=None, blocksize=6, pivot_cols=[])¶
Compute the echelon form. Returns the number of non-zero rows in the result, i.e. the rank of the matrix.
The parameter ‘full_reduce’ determines whether to compute the full row-reduced form, useful e.g. for matrix inversion and CNOT circuit synthesis.
The parameter ‘blocksize’ gives the size of the blocks in a block matrix for performing Patel/Markov/Hayes optimization, see:
K. Patel, I. Markov, J. Hayes. Optimal Synthesis of Linear Reversible Circuits. QIC 2008
If blocksize is given as self.cols(), then this is equivalent to just eliminating duplicate rows before doing normal Gaussian elimination.
Contains two convenience parameters for saving the primitive row operations. Suppose the row-reduced form of m is computed as:
g * m = m’
Then, x –> g * x and y –> y * g^-1.
Note x and y need not be matrices. x can be any object that implements the method row_add(), and y any object that implements col_add().
- Return type
int
- nullspace(should_copy=True)¶
Returns a list of non-zero vectors that span the nullspace of the matrix. If the matrix has trivial kernel it returns the empty list.
- Return type
List
[List
[Literal
[0
,1
]]]
- permute_cols(p)¶
Permute the columns of the matrix according to the permutation p.
- Return type
None
- permute_rows(p)¶
Permute the rows of the matrix according to the permutation p.
- Return type
None
- rank()¶
Returns the rank of the matrix.
- Return type
int
- row_add(r0, r1)¶
Add r0 to r1
- Return type
None
- row_swap(r0, r1)¶
Swap the rows r0 and r1
- Return type
None
- solve(b)¶
Return a vector x such that M * x = b, or None if there is no solution.
- Return type
Optional
[Mat2
]
- to_cnots(optimize=False, use_log_blocksize=False)¶
Returns a list of CNOTs that implements the matrix as a reversible circuit of qubits.
- Return type
List
[CNOT
]
List of simplifications¶
Below is listed the content of simplify.py
.
This module contains the ZX-diagram simplification strategies of PyZX.
Each strategy is based on applying some combination of the rewrite rules in the rules module.
The main procedures of interest are clifford_simp
for simple reductions,
full_reduce
for the full rewriting power of PyZX, and teleport_reduce
to
use the power of full_reduce
while not changing the structure of the graph.
- simp(g, name, match, rewrite, matchf=None, quiet=False, stats=None)¶
Helper method for constructing simplification strategies based on the rules present in rules. It uses the
match
function to find matches, and then rewritesg
usingrewrite
. Ifmatchf
is supplied, only the vertices or edges for which matchf() returns True are considered for matches.Example
simp(g, 'spider_simp', rules.match_spider_parallel, rules.spider)
- Parameters
g (
BaseGraph
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(ET
)]) – The graph that needs to be simplified.name (str) – The name to display if
quiet
is set to False.match (
Callable
[...
,List
[TypeVar
(MatchObject
)]]) – One of thematch_*
functions of rules.rewrite (
Callable
[[BaseGraph
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(ET
)],List
[TypeVar
(MatchObject
)]],Tuple
[Dict
[TypeVar
(ET
),List
[int
]],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
]]) – One of the rewrite functions of rules.matchf (
Union
[Callable
[[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
],Callable
[[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],bool
],None
]) – An optional filtering function on candidate vertices or edges, which is passed as the second argument to the match function.quiet (
bool
) – Suppress output on numbers of matches found during simplification.
- Return type
int
- Returns
Number of iterations of
rewrite
that had to be applied before no more matches were found.
- bialg_simp(g, quiet=False, stats=None)¶
- Return type
int
- clifford_simp(g, quiet=True, stats=None)¶
Keeps doing rounds of
interior_clifford_simp
andpivot_boundary_simp
until they can’t be applied anymore.- Return type
int
- full_reduce(g, quiet=True, stats=None)¶
The main simplification routine of PyZX. It uses a combination of
clifford_simp
and the gadgetization strategiespivot_gadget_simp
andgadget_simp
.- Return type
None
- gadget_simp(g, quiet=False, stats=None)¶
- Return type
int
- id_simp(g, matchf=None, quiet=False, stats=None)¶
- Return type
int
- lcomp_simp(g, matchf=None, quiet=False, stats=None)¶
- Return type
int
- phase_free_simp(g, quiet=False, stats=None)¶
Performs the following set of simplifications on the graph: spider -> bialg
- Return type
int
- pivot_boundary_simp(g, matchf=None, quiet=False, stats=None)¶
- Return type
int
- pivot_gadget_simp(g, matchf=None, quiet=False, stats=None)¶
- Return type
int
- pivot_simp(g, matchf=None, quiet=False, stats=None)¶
- Return type
int
- reduce_scalar(g, quiet=True, stats=None)¶
Modification of
full_reduce
that is tailered for scalar ZX-diagrams. It skips the boundary pivots, and it additionally doessupplementarity_simp
.- Return type
int
- spider_simp(g, matchf=None, quiet=False, stats=None)¶
- Return type
int
- supplementarity_simp(g, quiet=False, stats=None)¶
- Return type
int
- tcount(g)¶
Returns the amount of nodes in g that have a non-Clifford phase.
- Return type
int
- teleport_reduce(g, quiet=True, stats=None)¶
This simplification procedure runs
full_reduce
in a way that does not change the graph structure of the resulting diagram. The only thing that is different in the output graph are the location and value of the phases.- Return type
BaseGraph
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(ET
)]
- to_gh(g, quiet=True)¶
Turns every red node into a green node by changing regular edges into hadamard edges
- Return type
None
- to_rg(g, select=None)¶
Turn green nodes into red nodes by color-changing vertices which satisfy the predicate
select
. By default, the predicate is set to greedily reducing the number of Hadamard-edges. :type g:BaseGraph
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(ET
)] :param g: A ZX-graph. :type select:Optional
[Callable
[[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],bool
]] :param select: A function taking in vertices and returningTrue
orFalse
.- Return type
None
List of rewrite rules¶
Below is listed the content of rules.py
.
This module contains the implementation of all the rewrite rules on ZX-diagrams in PyZX.
Each rewrite rule consists of two methods: a matcher and a rewriter. The matcher finds as many non-overlapping places where the rewrite rule can be applied. The rewriter takes in a list of matches, and performs the necessary changes on the graph to implement the rewrite.
Each match function takes as input a Graph instance, and an optional “filter function” that tells the matcher to only consider the vertices or edges that the filter function accepts. It outputs a list of “match” objects. What these objects look like differs per rewrite rule.
The rewrite function takes as input a Graph instance and a list of match objects
of the appropriate type. It outputs a 4-tuple
(edges to add, vertices to remove, edges to remove, isolated vertices check).
The first of these should be fed to add_edge_table
,
while the second and third should be fed to
remove_vertices
and remove_edges
.
The last parameter is a Boolean that when true means that the rewrite rule can introduce
isolated vertices that should be removed by
remove_isolated_vertices
.
Dealing with this output is done using either apply_rule
or pyzx.simplify.simp
.
Warning
There is no guarantee that the matcher does not affect the graph, and currently some matchers do in fact change the graph. Similarly, the rewrite function also changes the graph other than through the output it generates (for instance by adding vertices or changes phases).
- apply_copy(g, matches)¶
- Return type
Tuple
[Dict
[TypeVar
(ET
),List
[int
]],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
]
- apply_gadget_phasepoly(g, matches)¶
Uses the output of
match_gadgets_phasepoly
to apply a rewrite based on rule R_13 of the paper A Finite Presentation of CNOT-Dihedral Operators.- Return type
None
- apply_rule(g, rewrite, m, check_isolated_vertices=True)¶
- Return type
None
- apply_supplementarity(g, matches)¶
Given the output of :func:
match_supplementarity
, removes non-Clifford spiders that act on the same set of targets trough supplementarity.- Return type
Tuple
[Dict
[TypeVar
(ET
),List
[int
]],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
]
- bialg(g, matches)¶
Performs a certain type of bialgebra rewrite given matchings supplied by
match_bialg(_parallel)
.- Return type
Tuple
[Dict
[TypeVar
(ET
),List
[int
]],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
]
- lcomp(g, matches)¶
Performs a local complementation based rewrite rule on the given graph with the given
matches
returned frommatch_lcomp(_parallel)
. See “Graph Theoretic Simplification of Quantum Circuits using the ZX calculus” (arXiv:1902.03178) for more details on the rewrite- Return type
Tuple
[Dict
[TypeVar
(ET
),List
[int
]],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
]
- match_bialg(g)¶
Does the same as
match_bialg_parallel
but withnum=1
.- Return type
List
[Tuple
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]]]
- match_bialg_parallel(g, matchf=None, num=-1)¶
Finds noninteracting matchings of the bialgebra rule.
- Parameters
g (
BaseGraph
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(ET
)]) – An instance of a ZX-graph.matchf (
Optional
[Callable
[[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
]]) – An optional filtering function for candidate edge, should return True if a edge should considered as a match. Passing None will consider all edges.num (
int
) – Maximal amount of matchings to find. If -1 (the default) tries to find as many as possible.
- Return type
List of 4-tuples
(v1, v2, neighbors_of_v1,neighbors_of_v2)
- match_copy(g, vertexf=None)¶
Finds spiders with a 0 or pi phase that have a single neighbor, and copies them through. Assumes that all the spiders are green and maximally fused.
- Return type
List
[Tuple
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),Union
[Fraction
,int
],Union
[Fraction
,int
],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]]]
- match_gadgets_phasepoly(g)¶
Finds groups of phase-gadgets that act on the same set of 4 vertices in order to apply a rewrite based on rule R_13 of the paper A Finite Presentation of CNOT-Dihedral Operators.
- Return type
List
[Tuple
[List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],Dict
[FrozenSet
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],Union
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),Tuple
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]]]]]
- match_ids(g)¶
Finds a single identity node. See
match_ids_parallel
.- Return type
List
[Tuple
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),Literal
[1
,2
]]]
- match_ids_parallel(g, vertexf=None, num=-1)¶
Finds non-interacting identity vertices.
- Parameters
g (
BaseGraph
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(ET
)]) – An instance of a ZX-graph.num (
int
) – Maximal amount of matchings to find. If -1 (the default) tries to find as many as possible.vertexf (
Optional
[Callable
[[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],bool
]]) – An optional filtering function for candidate vertices, should return True if a vertex should be considered as a match. Passing None will consider all vertices.
- Return type
List of 4-tuples
(identity_vertex, neighbor1, neighbor2, edge_type)
.
- match_lcomp(g)¶
Same as
match_lcomp_parallel
, but withnum=1
- Return type
List
[Tuple
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]]]
- match_lcomp_parallel(g, vertexf=None, num=-1, check_edge_types=True)¶
Finds noninteracting matchings of the local complementation rule.
- Parameters
g (
BaseGraph
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(ET
)]) – An instance of a ZX-graph.num (
int
) – Maximal amount of matchings to find. If -1 (the default) tries to find as many as possible.check_edge_types (
bool
) – Whether the method has to check if all the edges involved are of the correct type (Hadamard edges).vertexf (
Optional
[Callable
[[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],bool
]]) – An optional filtering function for candidate vertices, should return True if a vertex should be considered as a match. Passing None will consider all vertices.
- Return type
List of 2-tuples
(vertex, neighbors)
.
- match_phase_gadgets(g)¶
Determines which phase gadgets act on the same vertices, so that they can be fused together.
- Parameters
g (
BaseGraph
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(ET
)]) – An instance of a ZX-graph.- Return type
List of 5-tuples
(axel,leaf, total combined phase, other axels with same targets, other leafs)
.
- match_pivot(g)¶
Does the same as
match_pivot_parallel
but withnum=1
.- Return type
List
[Tuple
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]]]
- match_pivot_boundary(g, matchf=None, num=-1)¶
Like
match_pivot_parallel
, but except for pairings of Pauli vertices, it looks for a pair of an interior Pauli vertex and a boundary non-Pauli vertex in order to gadgetize the non-Pauli vertex.- Return type
List
[Tuple
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]]]
- match_pivot_gadget(g, matchf=None, num=-1)¶
Like
match_pivot_parallel
, but except for pairings of Pauli vertices, it looks for a pair of an interior Pauli vertex and an interior non-Clifford vertex in order to gadgetize the non-Clifford vertex.- Return type
List
[Tuple
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]]]
- match_pivot_parallel(g, matchf=None, num=-1, check_edge_types=True)¶
Finds non-interacting matchings of the pivot rule.
- Parameters
g (
BaseGraph
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(ET
)]) – An instance of a ZX-graph.num (
int
) – Maximal amount of matchings to find. If -1 (the default) tries to find as many as possible.check_edge_types (
bool
) – Whether the method has to check if all the edges involved are of the correct type (Hadamard edges).matchf (
Optional
[Callable
[[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
]]) – An optional filtering function for candidate edge, should return True if a edge should considered as a match. Passing None will consider all edges.
- Return type
List of 4-tuples. See
pivot
for the details.
- match_spider(g)¶
Does the same as
match_spider_parallel
but withnum=1
.- Return type
List
[Tuple
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)]]
- match_spider_parallel(g, matchf=None, num=-1)¶
Finds non-interacting matchings of the spider fusion rule.
- Parameters
g (
BaseGraph
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(ET
)]) – An instance of a ZX-graph.matchf (
Optional
[Callable
[[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
]]) – An optional filtering function for candidate edge, should return True if the edge should be considered for matchings. Passing None will consider all edges.num (
int
) – Maximal amount of matchings to find. If -1 (the default) tries to find as many as possible.
- Return type
List of 2-tuples
(v1, v2)
- match_supplementarity(g)¶
Finds pairs of non-Clifford spiders that are connected to exactly the same set of vertices.
- Parameters
g (
BaseGraph
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
),TypeVar
(ET
)]) – An instance of a ZX-graph.- Return type
List of 4-tuples
(vertex1, vertex2, type of supplementarity, neighbors)
.
- merge_phase_gadgets(g, matches)¶
Given the output of :func:
match_phase_gadgets
, removes phase gadgets that act on the same set of targets.- Return type
Tuple
[Dict
[TypeVar
(ET
),List
[int
]],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
]
- pivot(g, matches)¶
Perform a pivoting rewrite, given a list of matches as returned by
match_pivot(_parallel)
. A match is itself a list where:m[0]
: first vertex in pivot.m[1]
: second vertex in pivot.m[2]
: list of zero or one boundaries adjacent tom[0]
.m[3]
: list of zero or one boundaries adjacent tom[1]
.- Return type
Tuple
[Dict
[TypeVar
(ET
),List
[int
]],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
]
- remove_ids(g, matches)¶
Given the output of
match_ids(_parallel)
, returns a list of edges to add, and vertices to remove.- Return type
Tuple
[Dict
[TypeVar
(ET
),List
[int
]],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
]
- spider(g, matches)¶
Performs spider fusion given a list of matchings from
match_spider(_parallel)
- Return type
Tuple
[Dict
[TypeVar
(ET
),List
[int
]],List
[TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)],List
[TypeVar
(ET
)],bool
]
- unspider(g, m, qubit=-1, row=-1)¶
Undoes a single spider fusion, given a match
m
. A match is a list with 3 elements given by:m[0] : a vertex to unspider m[1] : the neighbors of the new node, which should be a subset of the neighbors of m[0] m[2] : the phase of the new node. If omitted, the new node gets all of the phase of m[0]
Returns the index of the new node. Optional parameters
qubit
androw
can be used to position the new node. If they are omitted, they are set as the same as the old node.- Return type
TypeVar
(VT
, bound=int
)
List of optimization functions¶
Below is listed the content of optimize.py
.
This module implements several optimization methods on Circuit
s.
The function basic_optimization
runs a set of back-and-forth gate commutation and cancellation routines.
phase_block_optimize
does phase polynomial optimization using the TODD algorithm,
and full_optimize
combines these two methods.
- basic_optimization(circuit, do_swaps=True, quiet=True)¶
Optimizes the circuit using a strategy that involves delayed placement of gates so that more matches for gate cancellations are found. Specifically tries to minimize the number of Hadamard gates to improve the effectiveness of phase-polynomial optimization techniques.
- Parameters
circuit (
Circuit
) – Circuit to be optimized.do_swaps (
bool
) – When set uses some rules transforming CNOT gates into SWAP gates. Generally leads to better results, but messes up architecture-aware placement of 2-qubit gates.quiet (
bool
) – Whether to print some progress indicators.
- Return type
- full_optimize(circuit, quiet=True)¶
Optimizes the circuit using first some basic commutation and cancellation rules, and then a dedicated phase polynomial optimization strategy involving the TODD algorithm.
- phase_block_optimize(circuit, pre_optimize=True, quiet=True)¶
Optimizes the given circuit, by cutting it into phase polynomial pieces, and using the TODD algorithm to optimize each of these phase polynomials. The phase-polynomial circuits are then resynthesized using the parity network algorithm.
Note
Only works with Clifford+T circuits. Will give wrong output when fed smaller rotation gates, or Toffoli-like gates. Depending on the number of qubits and T-gates this function can take a long time to run. It can be sped up somewhat by using the TOpt implementation of TODD. If this is installed, point towards it using
zx.settings.topt_command
, such as for instancezx.settings.topt_command = ['wsl', '../TOpt']
for running it in the Windows Subsystem for Linux.- Parameters
circuit (
Circuit
) – The circuit to be optimized.pre_optimize (
bool
) – Whether to callbasic_optimization
first.quiet (
bool
) – Whether to print some progress indicators. Helpful when execution time is long.
- Return type
List of routing functions¶
Below is listed the content of routing.py
.
This module implements Architecture
aware routing methods for Circuit
s.
- create_architecture(name, **kwargs)¶
Creates an architecture from a name.
- Parameters
name (
Union
[str
,Architecture
]) – The name of the architecture, seepyzx.routing.architectures
for the available constants.kwargs – Additional arguments to pass to the architecture constructor.
- Return type
- Returns
The architecture.
- class Architecture(name, coupling_graph=None, coupling_matrix=None, backend=None, qubit_map=None, reduce_order=None, **kwargs)¶
Class that represents the architecture of the qubits to be taken into account when routing.
- qubit2vertex(qubit)¶
Get the internal graph vertex index for a logical architecture qubit.
- Return type
int
- vertex2qubit(vertex)¶
Get the logical architecture qubit for an internal graph vertex index.
- Return type
int
- pre_calc_distances()¶
Pre-calculates the distances between all pairs of qubits in the architecture.
- Return type
Dict
[Literal
['upper'
,'full'
],List
[Dict
[Tuple
[int
,int
],Tuple
[int
,List
[Tuple
[int
,int
]]]]]]- Returns
The computed distances. distances[“upper”|”full”][until][(v1,v2)] contains the distance between v1 and v2, and the shortest path, where upper|full indicates whether to consider bidirectional edges or not (respectively), until indicates the number of qubits to consider, for “full” the distance is calculated only between qubits with index <= until), and for “upper” the distance is calculated only between qubits with index >= until)
- pre_calc_non_cutting_vertices()¶
- non_cutting_vertices(subgraph_vertices, pre_calc=False)¶
Find the non-cutting vertices for this subgraph
- Return type
List
[int
]
- get_neighboring_qubits(qubit)¶
- Return type
Set
[int
]
- get_neighboring_vertices(vertex)¶
- Return type
Set
[int
]
- to_quil_device()¶
- visualize(filename=None)¶
- floyd_warshall(subgraph_vertices, upper=True, rec_vertices=[])¶
Implementation of the Floyd-Warshall algorithm to calculate the all-pair distances in a given graph
- Parameters
subgraph_vertices (
List
[int
]) – Subset of vertices to considerupper (
bool
) – Whether use bidirectional edges or only ordered edges (src, tgt) such that src > tgt, default Truerec_vertices (
List
[int
]) – A subgraph for which edges are considered undirected, as if the upper flag was set
- Return type
Dict
[Tuple
[int
,int
],Tuple
[int
,List
[Tuple
[int
,int
]]]]- Returns
A dict with for each pair of qubits in the graph, a tuple with their distance and the corresponding shortest path
- shortest_path(start_qubit, end_qubit, qubits_to_use=None)¶
- Return type
Optional
[List
[int
]]
- steiner_tree(start_qubit, qubits_to_use, upper=True)¶
Approximates the steiner tree given the architecture, a root qubit and the other qubits that should be present. This is done using the pre-calculated all-pairs shortest distance and Prim’s algorithm for creating a minimum spanning tree :type start_qubit:
int
:param start_qubit: The index of the root qubit to be used :type qubits_to_use:List
[int
] :param qubits_to_use: The indices of the other qubits that should be present in the steiner tree :rtype:Iterator
[Optional
[Tuple
[int
,int
]]]- Parameters
upper (
bool
) – Whether to consider only the nodes the steiner tree is used for creating an upper triangular matrix or a full reduction.- Yields
First yields all edges from the tree top-to-bottom, finished with None, then yields all edges from the tree bottom-up, finished with None.
- rec_steiner_tree(start_qubit, terminal_qubits, usable_qubits, rec_qubits, upper=True)¶
- transpose()¶
- arities()¶
Returns a list of tuples (i, arity) where i is the index of each node and arity is the number of neighbors, sorted by decreasing arity.
- Return type
List
[Tuple
[int
,int
]]
- class Parity(par, n_qubits=None)¶
A set of qubits XORed together.
-
parity:
List
[bool
]¶
- count()¶
Returns the number of qubits interacting in the parity.
- Return type
int
- n_qubits()¶
Returns the total number of qubits.
- Return type
int
- to_mat2_row()¶
- Return type
List
[Literal
[0
,1
]]
-
parity:
- class CNOT_tracker(n_qubits, **kwargs)¶
A circuit-like object that keeps track of row and column operations applied during Gauss elimination via CNOT gates.
-
row_perm:
ndarray
¶ The row permutation of the qubit parity matrix.
-
col_perm:
ndarray
¶ The column permutation of the qubit parity matrix.
- count_cnots()¶
Returns the number of CNOT gates in the tracker.
- Return type
int
- cnot_depth()¶
Returns the CNOT/CZ depth of the tracked circuit.
- Return type
int
- row_add(q0, q1)¶
Track a row addition operation on the matrix
- add_gate(gate, *args, **kwargs)¶
Adds a gate to the circuit.
gate
can either be an instance of aGate
, or it can be the name of a gate, in which case additional arguments should be given.Example:
circuit.add_gate("CNOT", 1, 4) # adds a CNOT gate with control 1 and target 4 circuit.add_gate("ZPhase", 2, phase=Fraction(3,4)) # Adds a ZPhase gate on qubit 2 with phase 3/4
- col_add(q0, q1)¶
Track a column addition operation on the matrix
- static get_metric_names()¶
Metric names for the CNOT tracker.
- Return type
List
[str
]
- gather_metrics()¶
Gather metrics for the CNOT tracker.
- Return type
Dict
[str
,int
]
- prepend_gate(gate, *args, **kwargs)¶
Adds a gate to the circuit.
gate
can either be an instance of aGate
, or it can be the name of a gate, in which case additional arguments should be given.Example:
circuit.add_gate("CNOT", 1, 4) # adds a CNOT gate with control 1 and target 4 circuit.add_gate("ZPhase", 2, phase=Fraction(3,4)) # Adds a ZPhase gate on qubit 2 with phase 3/4
- to_qasm()¶
Produces a QASM description of the circuit.
- Return type
str
- static from_circuit(circuit)¶
- Return type
- update_matrix()¶
Rebuilds the parity matrix from the gates in the circuit.
- static from_qasm_file(fname)¶
Produces a
Circuit
based on a QASM description of a circuit. It ignores all the non-unitary instructions like measurements in the file. It currently doesn’t support custom gates that have parameters.- Return type
-
row_perm:
- class ElimMode(value)¶
Row elimination modes for the cnot mapper procedures
- GAUSS_MODE = 'gauss'¶
Gaussian elimination, ignoring the architecture.
- STEINER_MODE = 'steiner'¶
Steiner tree based Gaussian elimination, optimizing the number of SWAPs operations required to synthesize the CNOTs on the restricted architecture.
- GENETIC_GAUSS_MODE = 'genetic_gauss'¶
Gauss elimination using a genetic algorithm to find the best row permutation.
- GENETIC_STEINER_MODE = 'genetic_steiner'¶
Steiner Gauss elimination using a genetic algorithm to find the best row permutation.
- PSO_GAUSS_MODE = 'pso_gauss'¶
Gauss elimination using Particle Swarm Optimization to find the best row permutation.
- PSO_STEINER_MODE = 'pso_steiner'¶
Steiner Gauss elimination using Particle Swarm Optimization to find the best row permutation.
- class CostMetric(value)¶
Metrics for the cost of the gates needed for a given permutation, used by the cnot mapper fitness functions.
- COMBINED = 'combined'¶
Count both the number of CNOTs and the depth of the circuit
- DEPTH = 'depth'¶
Count the number of CNOTs in the circuit
- COUNT = 'count'¶
Count the depth of the circuit
- class FitnessFunction(metric, matrix, mode, architecture, row=True, col=True, full_reduce=True, **kwargs)¶
A fitness function that calculates the cost of the gates needed for a given permutation.
- gauss(mode, matrix, architecture=None, permutation=None, try_transpose=False, **kwargs)¶
Performs architecture-aware Gaussian Elimination on a matrix.
- Parameters
mode (
Optional
[ElimMode
]) – Type of Gaussian elimination to be used, seeElimMode
.matrix (
Mat2
) – Target matrix to be reduced.architecture (
Optional
[Architecture
]) – Device architecture to take into account.permutation (
Optional
[List
[int
]]) – If given, reduce a permuted version of the matrix.kwargs – Other arguments that can be given to the
Mat2.gauss
function or parameters for the genetic algorithm.
- Return type
int
- Returns
The rank of the matrix.
matrix
is transformed inplace.
- permuted_gauss(matrix, mode=None, architecture=None, population_size=30, crossover_prob=0.8, mutate_prob=0.2, n_iterations=5, row=True, col=True, full_reduce=True, fitness_func=None, x=None, y=None, **kwargs)¶
Applies gaussian elimination to the given matrix, finding an optimal permutation of the matrix to reduce the number of CNOT gates.
- Parameters
matrix (
Mat2
) – Mat2 matrix to do gaussian elimination overmode (
Optional
[ElimMode
]) – Elimination mode to usearchitecture (
Optional
[Architecture
]) – Architecture to take into accountpopulation_size (
int
) – For the genetic algorithmcrossover_prob (
float
) – For the genetic algorithmmutate_prob (
float
) – For the genetic algorithmn_iterations (
int
) – For the genetic algorithmrow (
bool
) – If the rows should be permutedAcol (
bool
) – If the columns should be permutedfull_reduce (
bool
) – Whether to do full gaussian reductionfitness_func (
Optional
[FitnessFunction
]) – Optional fitness function to usex – Optional tracker for the row operations
y – Optional tracker for the column operations
- Return type
Tuple
[List
[int
],Circuit
,int
]- Returns
Best permutation found, list of CNOTS corresponding to the elimination.
- sequential_gauss(matrices, mode=None, architecture=None, fitness_func=None, input_perm=True, output_perm=True, swarm_size=15, n_steps=5, s_crossover=0.4, p_crossover=0.3, pso_mutation=0.2, full_reduce=True, **kwargs)¶
Applies architecture-aware Gaussian elimination to multiple matrices, sharing the optimization passes when using ParticleSwarmOptimization modes.
- Parameters
matrix – List of matrices to do gaussian elimination over
mode (
Optional
[ElimMode
]) – Elimination mode to usearchitecture (
Optional
[Architecture
]) – Architecture to take into accountfitness_func (
Optional
[FitnessFunction
]) – Optional fitness function to useinput_perm (
bool
) – Allow input permutationoutput_perm (
bool
) – Whether the location of the output qubits can be different for the input location. Qubit locations can be optimized with pso.swarm_size (
int
) – Swarm size for the swarm optimization.n_steps (
int
) – The number of iterations for the particle swarm optimization.s_crossover (
float
) – The crossover percentage with the best particle in the swarm for the particle swarm optimizer. Must be between 0.0 and 1.0.p_crossover (
float
) – The crossover percentage with the personal best of a particle for the particle swarm optimizer. Must be between 0.0 and 1.0.pso_mutation (
float
) – The mutation percentage of a particle for the particle swarm optimizer. Must be between 0.0 and 1.0.full_reduce (
bool
) – Fully reduce the matrices
- Return type
Tuple
[List
[CNOT_tracker
],List
[List
[int
]],int
]- Returns
List of CNOT trackers corresponding to the eliminations, list of final permutations for each matrix, and the cost of the eliminations.
- steiner_gauss(matrix, architecture, full_reduce=False, x=None, y=None)¶
Performs Gaussian elimination that is constrained by the given architecture
- Parameters
matrix (
Mat2
) – PyZX Mat2 matrix to be reducedarchitecture (
Architecture
) – The Architecture object to conform tofull_reduce (
bool
) – Whether to fully reduce or only create an upper triangular formx (
Optional
[CNOT_tracker
]) – Optional CNOT_tracker object to track row operationsy (
Optional
[CNOT_tracker
]) – Optional CNOT_tracker object to track column operations
- Returns
Rank of the given matrix
- rec_steiner_gauss(matrix, architecture, full_reduce=False, x=None, y=None, permutation=None, **kwargs)¶
Performs Gaussian elimination that is constrained bij the given architecture according to https://arxiv.org/pdf/1904.00633.pdf Only works on full rank, square matrices.
- Parameters
matrix (
Mat2
) – PyZX Mat2 matrix to be reducedarchitecture (
Architecture
) – The Architecture object to conform tofull_reduce (
bool
) – Whether to fully reduce or only create an upper triangular formx (
Optional
[CNOT_tracker
]) – Optional CNOT_tracker object to track row operationsy (
Optional
[CNOT_tracker
]) – Optional CNOT_tracker object to track column operationspermutation (
Optional
[List
[int
]]) – Optional permutation of the qubits
- class RoutingMethod(value)¶
Phase polynomial routing method to use in
route_phase_poly
.- MATROID = 'matroid'¶
Routing method based on matroid partitioning. Commonly slower than
RoutingMethod.GRAY
andRoutingMethod.MEIJER
.
- GRAY = 'GraySynth'¶
Routing method based on Gray synthesis (see arxiv.org/abs/1712.01859 ).
- MEIJER = 'meijer'¶
Routing method by Meijer and Duncan (see arxiv.org/abs/2004.06052 ).
- GRAY_MEIJER = 'GraySynth+Meijer'¶
Combination of
RoutingMethod.GRAY
andRoutingMethod.MEIJER
, keeps the best result of both.
- class RootHeuristic(value)¶
Heuristics for choosing the root of a Steiner tree during phase polynomial routing.
- RANDOM = 'gauss'¶
Randomly choose a root.
- EXHAUSTIVE = 'exhaustive'¶
Try all possible roots and choose the one with the lowest cost.
- ARITY = 'arity'¶
Choose the root randomly between the nodes with highest arity.
- RECURSIVE = 'recursive'¶
Use an already-chosen root in a recursive call.
- to_function()¶
- Return type
Callable
[[Architecture
,Mat2
,List
[int
],List
[int
],int
,int
,Any
],List
[int
]]
- class SplitHeuristic(value)¶
Heuristics for choosing nodes to split a circuit during phase polynomial routing.
- RANDOM = 'random'¶
Randomly pick a candidate.
- ARITY = 'arity'¶
Split the circuit on the nodes with highest arity.
- COUNT = 'count'¶
Split the circuit on all the candidate nodes.
- to_function()¶
- Return type
Callable
[[Architecture
,Mat2
,List
[int
],List
[int
],Any
],List
[int
]]
- route_phase_poly(circuit, architecture, method=RoutingMethod.GRAY_MEIJER, mode=ElimMode.STEINER_MODE, root_heuristic=RootHeuristic.RECURSIVE, split_heuristic=SplitHeuristic.COUNT, **kwargs)¶
Compile a circuit to an architecture with restricted connectivity.
- Parameters
circuit (
Union
[Circuit
,PhasePoly
]) – The circuit to compile.architecture (
Architecture
) – The target architecture.method (
RoutingMethod
) – The routing method to use.mode (
ElimMode
) – The elimination mode to use during the CNOT mapping step.split_heuristic (
SplitHeuristic
) – The heuristic to use for splitting the circuit into subcircuits.root_heuristic (
RootHeuristic
) – The heuristic to use for finding the root of the circuit.
- Return type
- Returns
The compiled circuit.
Functions for dealing with tensors¶
Below is listed the content of tensor.py
.
This module provides methods for converting ZX-graphs into numpy tensors and using these tensors to test semantic equality of ZX-graphs. This module is not meant as an efficient quantum simulator. Due to the way the tensor is calculated it can only handle circuits of small size before running out of memory on a regular machine. Currently, it can reliably transform 9 qubit circuits into tensors. If the ZX-diagram is not circuit-like, but instead has nodes with high degree, it will run out of memory even sooner.
- adjoint(t)¶
Returns the adjoint of the tensor as if it were representing a circuit:
t = tensorfy(circ) tadj = tensorfy(circ.adjoint()) compare_tensors(adjoint(t),tadj) # This is True
- Return type
ndarray
- compare_tensors(t1, t2, preserve_scalar=False)¶
Returns true if
t1
andt2
represent equal tensors. When preserve_scalar is False (the default), equality is checked up to nonzero rescaling.Example: To check whether two ZX-graphs g1 and g2 are semantically the same you would do:
compare_tensors(g1,g2) # True if g1 and g2 represent the same linear map up to nonzero scalar
- Return type
bool
- compose_tensors(t1, t2)¶
Returns a tensor that is the result of composing the tensors together as if they were representing circuits:
t1 = tensorfy(circ1) t2 = tensorfy(circ2) circ1.compose(circ2) t3 = tensorfy(circ1) t4 = compose_tensors(t1,t2) compare_tensors(t3,t4) # This is True
- Return type
ndarray
- find_scalar_correction(t1, t2)¶
Returns the complex number
z
such thatt1 = z*t2
. :rtype:complex
Warning
This function assumes that
compare_tensors(t1,t2,preserve_scalar=False)
is True, i.e. thatt1
andt2
indeed are equal up to global scalar. If they aren’t, this function returns garbage.
- is_unitary(g)¶
Returns whether the given ZX-graph is equal to a unitary (up to a number).
- Return type
bool
- tensor_to_matrix(t, inputs, outputs)¶
Takes a tensor generated by
tensorfy
and turns it into a matrix. Theinputs
andoutputs
arguments specify the final shape of the matrix: 2^(outputs) x 2^(inputs)- Return type
ndarray
- tensorfy(g, preserve_scalar=True)¶
Takes in a Graph and outputs a multidimensional numpy array representing the linear map the ZX-diagram implements. Beware that quantum circuits take exponential memory to represent.
- Return type
ndarray
Drawing¶
Below is listed the content of drawing.py
.
- arrange_scalar_diagram(g)¶
- Return type
None
- draw(g, labels=False, **kwargs)¶
Draws the given Circuit or Graph. Depending on the value of
pyzx.settings.drawing_backend
either uses matplotlib or d3 to draw.- Return type
Any
- draw_d3(g, labels=False, scale=None, auto_hbox=None, show_scalar=False, vdata=[])¶
- Return type
Any
- draw_matplotlib(g, labels=False, figsize=(8, 2), h_edge_draw='blue', show_scalar=False, rows=None)¶
- Return type
Any
- graphs_to_gif(graphs, filename, frame_duration=0.5)¶
Given a list of graphs, outputs an animated gif showing them in sequence.
- Parameters
graphs (
List
[BaseGraph
]) – The list of Graph instances that should be made into a gif.filename (
str
) – the full filename of the output gif.frame_duration (
float
) – how long (in seconds) each frame should last.
Warning
This function requires imagio to be installed (pip install imageio).
- matrix_to_latex(m)¶
Converts a matrix into latex code. Useful for pretty printing the matrix of a Circuit/Graph.
- Return type
str
Example
# Run this in a Jupyter notebook from ipywidgets import Label c = zx.Circuit(3) display(Label(matrix_to_latex(c.to_matrix())))
- print_matrix(m)¶
Returns a Label() Jupyter widget that displays a pretty latex representation of the given matrix. Instead of a matrix, can also give a Circuit or Graph.
- Return type
Label
Tikz and Quantomatic functionality¶
Below is listed the content of tikz.py
.
Supplies methods to convert ZX-graphs to tikz files. These tikz files are designed to be easily readable by the program Tikzit.
- tikz_to_graph(s, warn_overlap=True, fuse_overlap=True, ignore_nonzx=False, backend=None)¶
Converts a tikz diagram into a pyzx Graph. The tikz diagram is assumed to be one generated by Tikzit, and hence should have a nodelayer and a edgelayer..
- Parameters
s (
str
) – a string containing a well-defined Tikz diagram.warn_overlap (
bool
) – If True raises a Warning if two vertices have the exact same position.fuse_overlap (
bool
) – If True fuses two vertices that have the exact same position. Only has effect if fuse_overlap is False.ignore_nonzx (
bool
) – If True suppresses most errors about unknown vertex/edge types and labels.backend (
Optional
[str
]) – Backend of the graph returned.
- Return type
Warning
- Vertices that might look connected in the output of the tikz are not necessarily connected
at the level of tikz itself, and won’t be treated as such in pyzx.
- tikzit(g, draw_scalar=False)¶
Opens Tikzit with the graph
g
opened as a tikz diagram. For this to work,zx.settings.tikzit_location
must be pointed towards the Tikzit executable. Even though this function is intended to be used with Tikzit,zx.tikz.tikzit_location
can point towards any executable that takes a tikz file as an input, such as a text processor.- Return type
None
- to_tikz(g, draw_scalar=False)¶
Converts a ZX-graph
g
to a string representing a tikz diagram.- Return type
str
- to_tikz_sequence(graphs, draw_scalar=False, maxwidth=10)¶
Given a list of ZX-graphs, outputs a single tikz diagram with the graphs presented in a grid.
maxwidth
is the maximum width of the diagram, before a graph is put on a new row in the tikz diagram.- Return type
str
Below is listed the content of quantomatic.py
.
Implements methods for interacting with Quantomatic:
import pyzx as zx
zx.settings.quantomatic_location = "path/to/quantomatic/jar/file.jar"
g = zx.generate.cliffordT(3,10,0.2)
g2 = zx.quantomatic.edit_graph(g) # Opens Quantomatic with the graph g opened. Execution is blocked until Quantomatic is closed again.
# If you have saved the qgraph file in quantomatic, then g2 should now contain your changes.
- edit_graph(g)¶
Opens Quantomatic with the graph
g
loaded. When you are done editing the graph, you save it in Quantomatic and close the executable. The resulting graph is returned by this function. Note that this function blocks until the Quantomatic executable is closed. For this function to work you must first setzx.settings.quantomatic_location
to point towards the Quantomatic .jar file.- Return type